Social Networking Sites and Privacy - 1155 Words

Introduction What do about ninety percent of us have in common? It’s the social networking sites that everyone is a part of these days, whether it’s your twelve year old nephew or your grandmother. Spending hours and hours connecting with your old friends and making new friends over the social networking sites has become a part of everyone’s daily routine. Nonetheless, recently privacy concerns over the social networking sites have taken its peak. Background It all started several decades back, when information technology developments succeeded but had put personal privacy into danger. The data base technology was the first development in information technology which made it possible to â€Å"collect, store and retrieve† great amounts of†¦show more content†¦Anyone who is not in your group of friends, colleagues, or family might contravene the fundamental concept of an individual’s privacy. Another ethical concern is that if a person chooses to keep his/her profile private, should the information on his/her profile be used if a third party brings about it? Another ethical issue is the question that is it right for the creditors, the admissions officers, the employers, to use your information to make judgments? Another ethical concern is that social networking relationships. Can faculty members be friends with student on a social networking site? These ethical concerns lay out the point that â€Å"overexposure to one another’s privacy can result in negative outcomes.† (Cain, 2010) Security Concerns Social networking sites are not that secure. There are risks or being stalk, sexually harassed, harassment in cyberspace, getting your account hacked etc. Moreover, fraud takes place on these socialShow MoreRelatedPrivacy issues of Social Networking Sites1156 Words   |  5 Pagesthe social networking sites, such as FacebookTM, TwitterTM and MySpaceTM, Internet users contentedly disseminate their personal information whilst overlooking the threat of privacy disclosure. According to statistics presented by FacebookTM (2013), there are about 699 million daily active users as of June 2013, indicating about one tenth of the world population are using FacebookTM actively. Nevertheless, it is widely recognised that this expeditious growth of popularity of social networking wouldRead MoreSocial Networking Sites And Work Privacy Issues887 Words   |  4 Pages Social Networking Web Sites and Work Privacy Issues Tammy L. Mansker Submitted to the faculty of Brandman University In partial fulfillment of the requirements of OLCU-380 Research and Analytical Thinking October 22, 2015 Social Networking Web Sites and Work Privacy Issues The controversy with companies accessing individual’s social networking sites centers around the infringement of the individual’s right to privacy, access to information that is protectedRead MoreRight to Privacy on Social Networking Sites Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pagessimple clicks of a mouse, a complex and ever expanding social world thrives inside the digital world of the Internet. Social networking sites have grown immensely as more people take advantage of the Internet to connect with friends and expand their social horizons. Chat features of these social networking sites have become popular as well, giving users the ability to converse instantly and intimately with their friends. But this broadening of social horizons in general has also given radical organizationsRead MoreThe Impact Of Privacy On Usage Trends For Social Networking Sites1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe rise of social media networks and web applications has amounted to a large amount of multimedia data being produced and communicated across the world. Although user awareness for risks associated with using these websites and applications is at an abysmally low levels as measured by an independent survey. The risks and challenges such as identity theft and disclosure of sensitive information should be properly addressed towards customers to avoid any potential loss of their private and personalRead MorePrivacy Levels on Social Networking Sites - To What Extent Are They 1743 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy Levels on Social Networking Sites - To What Extent Are They Compromised? Introduction A social networking site can be defined as a website where people can network, and communicate with another. These websites are designed solely for the purpose of communities being made, whether you want to re-connect with an old high school friend, or whether you just want to make some friends online in general. Social networking sites have revolutionised communication, and are now one of theRead MoreBSTRACT Social Networking sites are playing an important role in personal life as well as1300 Words   |  6 PagesBSTRACT Social Networking sites are playing an important role in personal life as well as business. A social networking site has become very popular for people to connect and share their interest with family and friends. Although the use of social networks is increasingly on the rise, many users are properly informed of the risks associated with using social networks. The risks as well as the security and privacy issues of social networks in business and public policy need to be evaluated and studiedRead MoreThe Negative Impact Of Social Media852 Words   |  4 PagesThe Negative Impact of Social Media According to the Pew Research Center, â€Å"41% of social media-users have experienced at least one negative outcome as a result of using a social networking site.† In this article, Norton uses logos, pathos, and ethos to explain his standpoint to his audience. Logos are used when Norton brings up the legal issues of social media such as privacy concerns. Bringing the reader into Norton’s own personal experiences of abuse and name-calling uses pathos. Finally, ethosRead MoreSocial Networking Is Becoming A Popular Form Of Communication1514 Words   |  7 PagesSocial networking is becoming a very popular form of communication in today’s society. Social networking is using internet based websites and applications to connect and interact with other users, and is very easily accessible for many people, including student nurses. This essay will include a definition of social networking, possible opportunities and risks that can be associated with social networking f or a student nurse, and recommendations for safe social networking use. Social networking canRead MoreRole of Social Media in Business1013 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media plays a vital role in all aspects of businesses nowadays. It has helped in turning communications into interactive dialogues among organizations, communities and individuals which has led to a much proper propagation of information. It may include web based or mobile based technologies and the existence in multiple forms has made it all the more tempting and has become a necessity today in the business world. Social media is one of the greatest business gifts of our generation and theRead MoreIn social networking sites, other than communicating with existing friends, people can find and900 Words   |  4 Pages In social networking sites, other than communicating with existing friends, people can find and make friends with other people with similar interests or from the same school or company etc. Mobile social networking servicesto connect to their social communities with a mobile device, through one or more available mobile channels. Members share experiences, interests, opinions, presence information and personal content through their mobile devices. Mobile adds new capabilities to social networking

Vital Pieces of How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate

Vital Pieces of How to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate Correct all errors which you can spot and enhance the total caliber of the paper to the best of your ability. However long your paper must be or how little time you need to complete it, there are a few general tips which will help you finish a first-rate research paper. It's only normal to be anxious about hiring an on-line essay writer as you can't ever be sure whether you are employing the ideal service or not. In the event you do not have any experience in writing an essay, or you would like to boost your writing ability, it is wise to go through various measures in the writing process. The objective of an outline is to find a visual representation of your paper before you get started writing so you can move things around and fill in a few of the blanks if you will need. It will help you organize your thoughts before you dig into the writing process. An excellent outline is easily the most significant step in writing an excellent paper. Creating a protracted outline might help structure your thoughts, particularly for longer papers. To begin with, one ought to prepare an effective and persuasive introduction with a very good thesis statement in order to draw reader's interest. Otherwise, maybe you've just provided a summary rather than creating an argument. Start out with a 1 sentence introduction, jot down phrases of your primary points that you wish to make, and finish with a 1 sentence conclusion. You're able to download personal statement essay examples undergraduate from our site. An intriguing argument cloaked in impenetrable prose isn't of any use t o anybody. The idea here is to find all your thoughts down on paper so you don't forget something by attempting to go in order. Once you own a draft, however poor it might be, you're more than halfway there since you then have something to work with and improve. The key issue is that you shouldn't know the solution to your question prior to starting, and you ought to be open to having your hunch be disproven. To begin with, it's the price of writing a research paper. Alternately, you might be expected to incorporate a literature review as a portion of a bigger research paper (for example, part of an Honors Thesis). The next section ought to be the introduction. When you start college, at some point or another, you're likely to need to compose a heavy-duty research paper. At the close of the day, graduate school can help you to create skills that will be helpful in any career you select. Paper Masters offers undergraduate students the written work they will need to be successful. Every student who's going to complete his undergraduate degree should prepare a great thesis paper that will summarize the practice of his education. Possessing a graduate degree will offer you a competitive edge in many fields so it's a fantastic concept to utilize your research project for a method of demonstrating to future employers how you'll be successful outside the university institution. Undergraduate courses can be challenging since there are requirements that you have to pass but they aren't in your field of interest. The research you've done with your student will offer you a lot of detailed and beneficial info about their abilities. Students at colleges and universities across the nation are probably facing the very same daunting endeavor. The Secret to H ow to Write a Research Paper Undergraduate In the above mentioned instance, the research is all about guidelines, but the paragraph is around the sum of usage. Once you own a list of all of the parts you will need, select the part that's simplest to write and start there. As soon as you own a topic and a plan, the third step is to locate sources, or hunt for suppliers of reliable info. If you think that your evidence is solid, then you're probably prepared to start writingand at this point you have a good roadmap to work from! A journal rejection doesn't necessarily signify you do not have an opportunity to resubmit the journal though. When writing a literature review, it can be beneficial to rely on the next steps. Keep tabs on your reference materials so that you can cite them and construct your bibliography later. In case you're not certain how to write in a specific format, use the academic writing manuals on each and every style. As an example, sometimes you should do just a lot of background research and reading before you're able to develop a research question. Much like any research paper essay, the most essential issue is to construct your topic and paper with the robust evidence. It's likewise not efficient to do too much research before you truly understand what you're searching for. Themes and ContextRecounting the basic truth about your topic alone won't make for a thriving research paper. Communication, immigration, and terrorism are a few examples of general topics you are able to choose to research. Identify and define the topic that you'll be reviewing. If you're confused with a number of interesting topics to research on the web, it's far better to determine what interests you the most. Select a topic that is related to your field of study, is timely, sparks your interest, and has the ability to be answered in the webpage limit and time you're given to compose the paper.

La Giuditta Mixture of Traditional and Innovative Ideas free essay sample

Although It Is a religious piece, It concentrates on the spiritual, contemplative aspect of the story of Bathetic;s siege and its liberation by the beautiful widow Judith who seduced and killed the commander of the Assyrian army Holystones. Contrary to the rule of the three unities that limits opera, here, the composer switches action between Bathetic and the enemys camp. In his musical interpretation, the mixed use of traditional and innovative composed skills emphasize the text expression and makes La Jugulate one of the best oratorios of the Baroque era.In La Glutted, Scarlatti brings to the oratorio a greater homogeneity in terms of aria forms. The dad capo aria dominates, though not exclusively; a new sense of instrumental virtuosity reflects the affect of the textual moment, and there is a limitation of contrapuntal sections to the conclusions of two parts. In this oratorio, orchestras are growing larger by adding two flutes and a trumpet to the strings with the basso continuo accompaniment. We will write a custom essay sample on La Giuditta: Mixture of Traditional and Innovative Ideas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accompanied only by a basso continuo, around half of the arias are till of the older type while shorter arias of various forms are replaced by dad capo arias of ABA form.Moreover, recitatives with an orchestral accompaniment appear. Scarlatti innovative music characteristics let the music and text to be more tightly combined and make it easier for performers to express composers idea. The Stadiums Aria Ma so Ben in Part I and Aria La tea desert and Recitative Ma, chew pip tardy In Part II are the best examples to explain Scarlatti innovative Ideas. Ma so Ben Is a dad capo aria In ABA form that begins with a routinely- the violin with basso unto.In the key of D major, the soprano sings In a madrigal-Like way. Chromatics appears when Gaudiest sings l know well what plan for great victory is concealed in my breast and the word designed (my breast) is melodramatic since the composer wants to emphasize how hard the decision is in Stadiums heart. When part A ends, part 8 begins with l shall feign flattery and love. Part B is in a much complicated rhythm, showing syncopation and the use of form fixture. Then, with the same routinely melody, part A shows up again.This use of ABA dad cap form Is only within the strophes and the aria as a whole is in the old strophic form. In the key of C major, aria La tea desert in Part II start with the alternative melody of violins, basso continuo and two new- adding flutes. Notes for Gaudiest are basically syllabic except the moment she sings it may end our suffering. This moment also leads to a key change from C major to a minor, showing the composers emphasis on the suffering of Betrothals people. Then the recitative Ma, chew plus tardy begins.Like all recitatives, updated notes instead of leaps. This simple alternation of arias and recitative dominates the oratorio, showing Scarlatti idea that the free sequence of recitatives, arioso and arias give way to a regular alternation of recitative and arias. As for the texture, La Gaudiest is not tied down by the stage conventions of the opera. Judith (soprano), the Hebrew priest (bass), and Achier (tenor) present no problems, but Oasiss part was written for a male soprano and Holystones for a male alto.

Oskar Schindler - Saint Or Not Essays - Film,

Oskar Schindler - Saint Or Not? Alyssa Graham Oskar Schindler - A Saint in Disguise? A deadly shot bellows through the air. People jump back in surprise. A young girl lays in a soft red puddle of blood, her shining Star of David glistening in the once delightful sun. Many glance, but most just pass on by. But one stares in astonishment. In anger. In disbelief. Though a controversial man of his time, Oskar Schindler, through bribery and lies, transformed the threatened lives of hundreds of Jews. Individuals can make a difference as far as human rights are concerned. Even though the initial motives for action may be less than honorable, the end may justify the means. The story of Oskar Schindler is a shining example. A German war profiteer of slave labor, a crook, an alcoholic, and a womanizer are all terms that have been used to describe Oskar Schindler. Why then, on his fifty third birthday did the municipality of Tel Aviv dedicate a plaque in the Park of Heroes describing him as savior of over 1200 Jews? Why was he declared a Righteous person in Jerusalem and invited to plant a carob tree in the Avenue of the Righteous? The answer is simple: To more than 1200 Jewish people held as prisoners in camps during World War II, Oskar Schindler and his factories are all that stood between them and death at the hands of the Nazis. Schindler's motives, even to this day, are not completely clear. As you learn about a man full of flaws just like the rest of us, I know that you too will appreciate the fact that an ordinary man can do extraordinary things. Oskar Schindler is a hero to over 6,000 Jews currently living across the United States and Europe. Schindler is a great example of loving one's neighbor. The people who Schindler saved made his morals a part of their life, also. Schindler motivated the Jews to be the best they could possible be. Oskar was once quoted as saying, I knew the people who worked for me. When you know people, you have to behave towards then like human beings. Also, God's love is not selective. It is to include all people. Schindler tried to save as many Jews as he possibly could. Although he could not nearly save all, his attitudes and opinions stayed the same with every person. He wanted to help them, to feed them, to save them. Schindler performed faith with love-in-action. Instead of publicly speaking about the unfair treatment of Jews, he took many steps further. He opened up the factory, employed several hundred Jews, and put his beliefs into action. He believed that the truth will make one free, and that was the exact outcome of the war - the Jews kept their religion and pride throughout the years, and in the end, they came out successful. Oskar's father and mother, Hans and Louisa Schindler, were deeply religious. This resulted in a strong Catholic household for Schindler. The Schindler family was one of the richest and most prominent in Zwitlau and elsewhere. Schindler himself was a very tall and handsome man. Needless to say, he was adored by all the young women. His fancy, though, fell for a beautiful young girl named Emily. After only six weeks of courtship, they were married. Sadly, after only a few months of marriage, Schindler began to heavily abuse alcohol. He also had several affairs resulting in two children out of wedlock. In 1929, during the Great Depression, the Schindler family business went bankrupt. At this time, Schindler's father left his mother, and she died soon after. The picture being painted of Schindler is not exactly one of high class and morals. Indeed, Schindler was an alcoholic and a womanizer. This leads many to think, how can this man be considered a saint? What would possess him, with all of his power and money, to risk his own life to save the lives of thousands of people he has never met? How did he do it? It was no easy task. In all of this the question still remains, why? Why did he do it? The answer is that there is no

Free Essays on Necrophilia

Necrophilia is the practice of having sex with corpses. Necrophilia, a Greek word that means â€Å"love of the dead†. It is a very common act among serial killers. Various well-known serial killers have been diagnosed with necrophilia, such as: Earl Leonard Nelson a/k/a â€Å"Gorilla Man†, which is known as the first American serial sex killer of the twentieth century. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, Ed Gein and many more among the ones mentioned. Although necrophilia seems to be rare and uncommon in our society, it is a very common disorder within a serial killers profile. Necrophilia may sound like a rare illness due to the fact that it isn’t being reported the way it should be. When necrophilies take action, the most common place they break into is funeral homes. A reason for not reporting these acts would certainly be that funeral homes do not want the publicity. When funeral homes report that there has been a break in and that bodies have been disturbed, no one will want to bring their deceased friends and family members, fearing that their loved one will be taken advantage of. The press/media is an effective way of informing and educating the public about what goes on in our society. Necrophilia is hidden from society because it is not normal behavior. Necrophilia is immoral and unethical. Therefore, society tends to turn away and pretend as if nothing is wrong. Research indicates that 90% of necrophiliacs are primarily heterosexual males. 60% of necrophilies were diagnosed with personality disorders and 10% of those diagnosed with personality disorders are also psychotic. Funeral homes are not the only places where necrophilies are attracted. They are very popular within hospitals, mortuaries, funeral parlors, and cemeteries. Necrophilies are attracted to the odor of blood and the feel for dead skin. Some necrophilies have used parts of the bodies of their victims to furnish their homes and even for the use of sil... Free Essays on Necrophilia Free Essays on Necrophilia Necrophilia is the practice of having sex with corpses. Necrophilia, a Greek word that means â€Å"love of the dead†. It is a very common act among serial killers. Various well-known serial killers have been diagnosed with necrophilia, such as: Earl Leonard Nelson a/k/a â€Å"Gorilla Man†, which is known as the first American serial sex killer of the twentieth century. Ted Bundy, Jeffrey Dahmer, Ed Gein and many more among the ones mentioned. Although necrophilia seems to be rare and uncommon in our society, it is a very common disorder within a serial killers profile. Necrophilia may sound like a rare illness due to the fact that it isn’t being reported the way it should be. When necrophilies take action, the most common place they break into is funeral homes. A reason for not reporting these acts would certainly be that funeral homes do not want the publicity. When funeral homes report that there has been a break in and that bodies have been disturbed, no one will want to bring their deceased friends and family members, fearing that their loved one will be taken advantage of. The press/media is an effective way of informing and educating the public about what goes on in our society. Necrophilia is hidden from society because it is not normal behavior. Necrophilia is immoral and unethical. Therefore, society tends to turn away and pretend as if nothing is wrong. Research indicates that 90% of necrophiliacs are primarily heterosexual males. 60% of necrophilies were diagnosed with personality disorders and 10% of those diagnosed with personality disorders are also psychotic. Funeral homes are not the only places where necrophilies are attracted. They are very popular within hospitals, mortuaries, funeral parlors, and cemeteries. Necrophilies are attracted to the odor of blood and the feel for dead skin. Some necrophilies have used parts of the bodies of their victims to furnish their homes and even for the use of sil...

How to Change Your Habits and Improve Your Grades

How to Change Your Habits and Improve Your Grades Its disappointing to receive low scores on a big test or a homework assignment, but you dont need to let small setbacks get you down. There is always time to make things better. Steps to Take If It Isnt Over Yet If youve received a few low grades on assignments throughout the year and youre facing a big final, then you still have time to bring up your final grade.   Sometimes, a good grade on the final project or exam can increase your final grade dramatically. Especially if the teacher knows youre really trying. Gather all your work assignments to determine exactly how and why you earned the low grades. Identify your weak points. Did your grades suffer because of careless grammar or poor writing habits? If so, be more mindful of grammar and structure during the final.Visit the teacher and ask her to go over your assignments with you. Ask her what you could have done differently.Ask what can you do for extra credit. By trying to take charge of your destiny, you are showing responsibility. Teachers will appreciate this.Ask for advice from the teacher. Teachers can direct you to resources that are topic-specific.Put all your energy into the final test or project. Find a tutor to help you. Ask the teacher to explain the format of the test. Will it be an essay exam or a multiple choice test? Target your study accordingly.Join a study group. Discuss the final exam with other students. They may have notes that you missed or they may have better insight into the teachers preferences when it comes to test questions and answers. Improve memory skills. There are many techniques to improve your memory. Find one that is best for you and the material youre studying.Get serious. Dont be late to class. Get some sleep. Turn off the TV. Talk to your Parents If you know a bad grade is imminent, then it might be wise to talk to your parents first. Let them know that you are trying to make a change and improve your performance. Get them involved. You may want to discuss creating a homework contract with your parents. The contract should address time commitments, homework help, supplies, and other issues that affect grades. Looking Toward the Future If you have just received your end-of-year grades and youre looking forward to improving your performance next year, there are plenty of things you can do. Get organized. Keep a journal of assignments to identify strengths and weaknesses. Organize your supplies and establish a good study space.Try to use color-coded supplies to stay organized.Identify your personal learning style. This is critical to improving your study habits. Dont waste valuable study time using ineffective study methods.Talk to your counselor about your schedule or your diploma program. You may be enrolled in a program that isnt right for you. Are you taking courses that are too difficult because your diploma program requires it?Review your schedule. Cut out extracurricular activities that dont help you reach your true goals. If youre involved with that team or club just for fun- then you may need to make some tough decisions.Improve your writing skills. Students sometimes complain because they are penalized for poor writing in courses other than English. Teachers dont have much patience for this complaint! Good writing skills are critical for every class.Join a stu dy group. Be Realistic If you are stressing out about a possible B grade, you should know that perfect grades arent everything, and expecting them isnt very realistic, either. While it is true that some colleges place a lot of value in grades, it is also true that they are interested in recruiting humans, not machines.If you are hoping to get into a specific, highly competitive college and you are worried about getting a B, then you are smart enough to make yourself stand out in another way. For instance, you could use your creativity to craft an essay that stands out.Give yourself credit if youre doing your best. If you have tried everything, but you just cant become the perfect student you want to be, perhaps you should give yourself a break. Identify your own strong points and make the best of them.Dont give yourself a bad reputation. If you arent happy with a grade or a report card, you can discuss this with a teacher. However, if you make a habit out of visiting your teacher to complain, then you may be making a pest of yourself.

International operation and risk management of ICAP plc Essay

International operation and risk management of ICAP plc - Essay Example The company is a public limited company and is listed on the London Stock Exchange. The company was founded in the year 1986 and has more than 5000 employees who provide the risk services in the company. The company focuses mainly on the key principles of leadership, Integrity, entrepreneurship as well as respect for control. Performance - Financial Trend A ratio analysis has been conducted for ICAP in order to understand the financial performance of the company. Ratio Analysis       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio 1.026 1.004 1.003 1.002 0.999       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Cash Ratio 0.089 0.017 0.016 0.025 0.014                Profitability Ratio Gross Profit Margin 0.990 0.989 0.984 0.765 -       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Operating Profit Margin 0.145 0.160 0.163 0.176 0.191       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Net profit Margin 0.030 0.083 0.109 0.074 0.117 Leverage Ratio Debt Ratio 0.939 0.985 0.984 0.981 0.966       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Debt Equity Ratio 15.31 66.19 60.37 48.89 28.68                Profitabilty Indicator Ratio Return on Assets 0.09% 0.17% 0.49% 0.24% 0.55%       2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Return on Capital Employed 0.41% 0.33% 0.40% 0.58% 1.78% Liquidity The current ratio of the company has increased by 22% over the last one year from 1.004 in 2012 to 1.026 in the financial year 2013. The inventory of the company for all the years is equal to zero. This means that for ICAP the current ratio and the quick ratio are the same (Atrill and Mclaney, 2008, pp. 142-178). The increase in the current ratio means that the company has efficient cash management and that the company can meet its short term debt obligations quite comfortably (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2007, p. 738). Thus ICAP has sound liquidity position. Profitability The profitability levels of the company can be estimated from the profitability ratios as shown in the table above. The gross profit margin for the compa ny has increasing steadily from 2011 to 2012 and then from 2012to 2013. The gross profit margin for the year 2013 is 0.939 which means that the company has been able to use the different resources that it has in the most appropriate way (Williams, Haka, Bettner and Carcello, 2008, p. 266). Source: ICAP 2013, p. 03 The operating profit margin for the company fell almost more than one percent in the year 2013. Thus it shows that the company has not been able to achieve economies of scale for the last one year but the steady figure over the years reflects the efficiency of the company in maintaining the scale of operations (Gallagher, 2003, pp. 94–95). The different compositions of the operating profit of ICAP as per the different businesses have been shown in the dough nut chart as above. This means that most of the operations of the company are equally prosperous and has been able to achieve the desired scale of operations for the long term (Weston and Brigham, 1990, p. 295). The return on assets for the company is 0.09% in 2013 as compared to 0.017% in 2012 and 0.27% in 2011. Looking at the steady level of net income of the company it shows that the company has increased its assets over the phase of 3 years which has resulted in a declining ROA (Tracy, 2004, p. 173).

Costimulatory activity of dendritic cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Costimulatory activity of dendritic cells - Essay Example T cell activation is a highly regulated event involving complex receptor-ligand interactions, ultimately leading to downstream signaling events (Annu Rev Immunol. 2002). Optimal activation of naà ¯ve T cells requires at least two signals, antigen recognition and co-stimulation (Bretscher and Cohn 1970).The first signal requires engagement of an antigen receptor by foreign antigen. Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dentritic cells, macrophages and B-lymphocytes play a major role in this. They present different sets of antigens and serve to activate T cells at different points during immune response. These cells on encountering foreign antigens such as bacteria, engulf and destroy them. The major histocompatible cell (MHC) present in the APCs binds to a piece of this antigen and displays the antigen to the cell surface. This MHC molecule that displays the antigen is recognized by a compatible T cell receptor (TCR). Thus, these APCs communicate with a T cell (Underst anding Autoimmune Diseases. How Does the Immune System Work? 2007).For a T cell to respond to a foreign antigen on the MHC, a second signal is required. (P.Anton van der Merwe.2000).This second signal or co-stimulation is an antigen-independent signal required for sustained cell proliferation, effector/memory cell generation and prevention of energy or apoptosis. APC participation is required in the second signaling also. In addition to antigen presentation, these cells provide co stimulatory signals. ... Provide the co-stimulatory signal necessary for T cell activation. When a naive T cell binds to its specific peptide: MHC complex, the CD28 on the T cell's surface binds to the B7 molecules on the APC (Fig.1). These two signals together lead to the production of several cytokines. Fig.1: T cell activation by two-signal pathway. [Online] Available at http://www.clinsci.org. Dendritic cells are the most effective stimulators of T cell activation. They continuously express high levels of co stimulatory B7 (Fig 2). Upon recognition of infectious particles, these cells migrate through the lymphatics to the nearest lymph node. In the follicles of the lymph node, they come into close contact with the nave T cells where it begins expression of the B7 molecules. Once the T cells are activated, they will leave the lymph node and travel to the sites of inflammation. Macropohages, in the absence of infection, express low levels of MHC II and almost no co stimulators (B7). In the case of infection, however macrophages poses certain types of receptors that recognize differential carbohydrate patterns on foreign cells. They also have receptors for specific bacterial products such as lippolysaccharide endotoxin. When these molecules bind with their ligands, they stimulate the macrophages to up regulate MHC II and B& providing these cells with strong antigen presenting properties. They also start to secrete cytokines that aid in their functions. It is at this point that antigen presentation by MHC II will activate T cells. Macrophage Dendritic Cell B cell MHC-II Expression Low levels. Induced by Bacteria and/or Cytokines Always Expressed. Always Expressed. Inducible upon

Is Scott Electronics plcs current human resources strategy effective Essay Example for Free

Is Scott Electronics plcs current human resources strategy effective Essay To what extent do you think that Scott Electronics plc’s current human resources strategy is effective? (18) Human resource strategy is how a business sees its employees from different business point of view and they are seen as resources to complete the business objectives. Firstly the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because the firm’s labour productivity is very high with 105 compared to the industry average which is 100. This is very effective as it shows the level of recruitment and the staff the business is recruiting is doing very well which has a positive effect in the recruitment section therefore this will make the company recruit more staff which will increase the productivity of the business. Also the bonuses which is 40% and its 20% higher than the industry average, this shows that the bonuses are keeping the firms employees motivated and it drives them to work harder which mean there will be a increase in productivity and if productivity increases it will have a positive effect on the sales revenue as the company will sell more items which will increase the sales revue and profit. Also another reason why the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is very effective because it has a very unique centralised organisational structure. A centralised structure is where the entire decision making is done from the top of the hierarchy. This is an effective strategy because the entire decision making can be done from the main person who is in charge and it can be done very quickly without going through any difficulties. This is very effective because staff can work through the business objective rather than stressing on the extra responsibility they have on their shoulders which will make them stress free and become more productive. Also they can be told what to do and the managers will have control over their workforce so that employees are less likely to make mistakes or make wrong decisions which will make a negative impact the on the businesses performance. However the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because high numbers of employees are on temporary contract which is 75% compared to the industry average which is 25%. This is bad for the business because it will make employees feel that the job security is not there and they are not guaranteed the job which the business can tell the employees that they are not in need and the employees will go away, therefore this might result in the employees not very motivated to do well and they might not think as if they are involved with the business. Also employees on temporary contract are more likely to leave the business as the labour turnover rate is at 10% which is higher than the industry average which is 6%. This is human resource strategy is ineffective because it lead to employees leaving the business every year and the business is losing experienced and valuable staff. Also another reason the human resource strategy for Scott electronics is not that effective because the training budget is below the industry average as Scott electronics training cost is  £500 compared to the industries average which is  £1000. This shows that the staff are not that well trained and most of the staff don’t know what they are doing sometimes or they might not know how the company operates as high level of training was not provided. This lead to the amount of defect products increased as the staffs were not well trained and they kept making mistakes therefore the numbers of defects products increased. This is one of my strongest reasons because staffs need to be well trained before they can start the job as they will know what they are doing and how they are going to carry out each task according the company structures of dealing with things. Therefore the staff need to be well trained and the business needs to increase its amount on training the staff which will allow the business to have staff that know what they are doing and make less mistakes as this will cause the staff to make less defect products. In conclusion I think that the human resources strategy is very effect to the business because average span of control for Scott’s electronic is 5 and industry average is 8. This has a greater advantage to the specific business because it will allow the business mangers to control their staff and monitor the progress which the manager can set targets and the targets can be analysed to see if they have reached the targets this will increase the productivity of the business as targets are reached and mangers have better control over their staff and the business. However I think that the current human resource strategy is not that effective to the business because the firm’s defected products are 10% and the industry average is 5% which is doubled the amount. Therefore you can tell that the strategy is not that effective as the staffs are making a lot of mistakes which will cost the business as the raw materials cost money to buy. Also this indicates that strategy is failing as staff are not well trained or may not experienced enough to work in the field which the bale goes the firms recruitment policy as the firm could have employed experienced staff which could have reduced the level of defected products.

Why The Vegetarian Diet Is Best Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

Why the Vegetarian Diet is Best The vegetarian diet is becoming increasingly popular all the time. Is the vegetarian or meat diet better? A decade ago and earlier, the impression was that a vegetarian diet was lacking in the nutrients found in meat products. Today though, through research and nutritional science, it has been proven that all the nutrients found in meat can also be found in the correct vegetarian diet. Some may argue that by only consuming meat that is low in fat, meat and vegetarian diets have identical benefits. This is true only if one eats only very low fat meat. The lack of meat is not necessarily the main benefit of to the vegetarian. Vegetarians tend to eat more fruits, vegetables and grains that the meat eater. They also tend not to use tobacco and excessive alcohol. In addition, vegetarians tend to get more exercise. The term vegetarian can be misleading. This diet can take on many different variations. A fruitarian eats only fruits, seeds and nuts while the vegan eats these and vegetables, grains and legumes. A lacto vegetarian consumes the same as a vegan as well as dairy products. A lacto-ovo vegetarian follows after the lacto vegetarian but also includes eggs while the ovo vegetarian excludes dairy products. Finally, the partial vegetarian eats anything except red meat, or at least strictly limits it. Because the term vegetarian is used to cover all facets and variations, it is difficult to identify health benefits resulting from th...

High School Drop-Outs Essay

When one out of three students fails to graduate in the nation, there has to be a main issue, a source of frustration or maybe hopelessness, causing students to give up on their educations when they had an opportunity to go further. When people feel that there is no hope or chance, they will give up. This is what is happening to high-school students leading them to drop-out of school despite the fact that a high-school diploma could be so beneficial to their lives and the fact that it can be prevented. In the article â€Å"High School Dropouts Costly to American Economy†, Sarah White said, â€Å"The teachers didn’t care, the students didn’t care. Nobody cared, so why should I?† I believe that in order for students to want to work in high school to achieve their diplomas, they need emotional support and a motivational backbone. When I made a good grade when I was little or even now, my parents and my teacher were there to praise me and push me to do even better and work toward higher educational goals. Because of their support, I want to do well in school and aim high in school and towards college. Without their support, advice and expectations, I probably wouldn’t care about school; this is what high school-dropouts need and are lacking. Just earning a high school diploma can improve the standard of living for a person significantly. The article â€Å"By the Numbers: Dropping Out of High School† says, â€Å"The average dropout can expect to earn an annual income of $20,241, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That’s a full $10,386 less than the typical high school graduate, and $36,424 less than someone with a bachelor degree.† With numbers as drastic as this, schools need to not only work to get students to graduate, but desire to work for at least a bachelor’s degree in higher education for the benefit of the students. Many successful programs to improve this situation are have already been created; more schools simply need to work them into their systems. The Boys & Girls Clubs of America was created solely to serve kids in crisis, kids who are at risk for many things including not graduating on time. This club’s self-professed mission states that it serves to create, â€Å"A safe place to learn and grow, ongoing relationships with caring, adult professionals, life-enhancing programs and character development experiences and hope and opportunity.† In other words, this club serves to provide kids with the support they need in a safe environment. These clubs have many local chapters and already serve many kids, and they are easy to create. Other solutions for the drop-out crisis include creating mentors or buddies for at-risk students in school and students getting paid for good grades; each are effective in different ways. By pairing at-risk students at school with other students who have high education goals, a support system is created where a friend can set the example and be the support. Paying students for their good grades creates incentive for students to not only stay in school, but to do well. These solutions and many others can be easy to implement and are very effective. With drop-out rates so high, more action needs to be taken by school and community to improve the futures of many children and many steps can be taken to do so. As Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.† An investment in a high school diploma is in the best interest of everyone.

Assessment and Students Essay

Journal assessment Conclusion Reccomendation III. INTRODUCTION: Why do Assessment? Are you asking too little of your class? Are your students approaching your course as hurdlers, barely clearing required levels of performance? Or are they approaching your course like high jumpers, pushing themselves under your guidance to increasingly more challenging heights? If your students aren’t high jumpers, maybe it’s because you aren’t asking them to high jump. By using appropriate assessment techniques, you can encourage your students to raise the height of the bar. There is considerable evidence showing that assessment drives student learning. More than anything else, our assessment tools tell students what we consider to be important. They will learn what we guide them to learn through our assessments. Traditional testing methods have been limited measures of student learning, and equally importantly, of limited value for guiding student learning. These methods are often inconsistent with the increasing emphasis being placed on the ability of students to think analytically, to understand and communicate at both detailed and â€Å"big picture† levels, and to acquire lifelong skills that permit continuous adaptation to workplaces that are in constant flux. Moreover, because assessment is in many respects the glue that links the components of a course – its content, instructional methods, and skills development – changes in the structure of a course require coordinated changes in assessment. IV. RESEARCH (CONTENT) What is Assessment? Assessment is a systematic process of gathering, interpreting, and acting upon data related to student learning and experience for the purpose of developing a deep understanding of what students know, understand, and can do with their knowledge as a result of their educational experience; the process culminates when assessment results are used to improve subsequent learning. Huba and Freed, 2000 Key Points Assessment is an ongoing process aimed at understanding and improving student learning Multiple methods Criteria and standards Evidence Students know, can do and understand It’s more than just collecting data Sequence in Preparing Instructionally Relevant Assessment INSTRUCTION Indicates the learning outcomes to be attained by students LEARNING TASK Specifies the particular set of learning task(s) to be assessed. ASSESSMENT Provides a procedure designed to measure a representative sample of the instructionally relevant learning tasks. Is there close agreement? What is the Assessment Process? AIMS ASSESSMENT ACTION ADJUSTMENT Importance of Assessment To find out what the students know (knowledge) To find out what the students can do, and how well they can do it (skill; performance) To find out how students go about the task of doing their work (process) To find out how students feel about their work (motivation, effort) What is Student Assessment for? *To help us design and modify programs to better promote learning and student success. To provide common definitions and benchmarks for student abilities that will enable us to act more coherently and effectively to promote student learning. *To provide feedback, guidance, and mentoring to students so as to help them better plan and execute their educational programs. *To provide improved feedback about student learning to support faculty in their work. Functions of Assessment Diagnostic: tell us what the student needs to learn Formative: tell us how well the student is doing as work progresses Summative: tell us how well the student did at the end of a unit/task What can be assessed? Student learning characteristics -Ability differences -Learning styles Student motivational characteristics -Interest -Self-efficacy -goal orientation Learning Content knowledge Ability to apply content knowledge Skills Dispositions and attitudes Performances Direct and Indirect Assessment Measures Direct methods ask students to demonstrate their learning while indirect methods ask them to reflect on their learning. Direct methods include objective tests, essays, case studies, problem solving exercises, presentations and classroom assignments. Indirect methods include surveys, interviews and student reflection and/or self-assessment essays. It is useful to include both direct and indirect assessment measures in your assessments. How should we assess? True –False Item Multiple Choice Completion Short Answer Essay Practical Exam Papers/Reports Projects Questionnaires Inventories Checklist Peer Rating Self Rating Journal Portfolio Observations Discussions Interviews Criteria In Choosing an Assessment Method It should be reliable. It should be valid. It should be simple to operate, and should not be too costly. It should be seen by students and society in general. It should benefit all students. Who should be involved in assessment? The teacher The student The student’s peer Administrator Parents What should we do with the information from our assessment? Use it to improve the focus of our teaching (diagnosis) Use it to focus student attention of strengths and weaknesses (motivation) Use it to improve program planning (program assessment) Use it for reporting to parents Classroom Assessment Paper and pencil assessments: Ask students to respond in writing to questions or problem -Item level: Assessing lower vs. higher skills -Knowledge vs. application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation -Authentic tasks e. . multiple choice, T/F, matching (recognition), short answer, essay (recall) Paper and Pencil Assessment Strengths -Can cover a lot of material reasonably well -Fair -Effective in assessing declarative knowledge of content – Easier to construct and administer than performance assessments Weaknesses -Require forethought and skill -Less effective in assessing procedural knowledge and creative think ing -Construction of good higher level recognition items is difficult -Recall items that do a good job of assessing higher level thinking (essay questions) are difficult to score. Performance Assessments – assessment that elicits and evaluates actual student performances Types of Performances: Products: drawings, science experiments, term papers, poems, solution to authentic problems Behavior: time trial for running a mile, reciting a poem, acting tryouts, dancing Performance assessments Strengths – Effective for assessing higher level thinking and authentic learning -Effective for assessing skill and procedural learning -Interesting and motivating for students Weaknesses -Emphasize depth at the expense of breadth Difficult to construct -Time consuming to administer -Hard to score fairly How can we assess student learning? Traditional assessment: assess student knowledge and skills in relative isolation from real world context. Traditional assessment practices reflect what students are able to recall from memory through various means, such as, multiple choice, true/false, fill in the blank, and matching questions. Authentic assessment: assess stu dents’ ability to use what they’ve learning in tasks similar to those in the outside world. Occurs when the authenticity of student learning has been observed. It requires information from a variety of source such as content work samples, observation during class activities, and conferences with students. Classroom Assessment Informal Assessment: teachers’ spontaneous, day to day observations of student performances. Examples Verbal -Asking questions -Listening to student discussions -Conducting student conferences Nonverbal -Observing -Task performances -On-and off-task behavior -student choices -student body language Informal Assessment Strengths -Facilitates responsive teaching -Can be done during teaching -Easy to individualize Weaknesses -Requires high level of teacher skill -Is vulnerable to -Bias -Inequities –Mistakes Classroom Assessment Formal assessment : assessment that is planned in advance and used to assess a predetermined content and/or skill domain. Strengths -allows the teacher to evaluate all students systematically on the important skills and concepts -helps teachers determine how well students are progressing over the entire year -provides useful information to parents and administrators. Portfolios A collection of student samples representing or demonstrating student academic growth. It can include formative and summative assessment. It may contain written work, journals, maps, charts, survey, group reports, peer reviews and other such items. Portfolios are systematic, purposeful, and meaningful collections of students’ work in one or more subject areas. Importance of Portfolios For Students Shows growth over time Displays student’s accomplishment Helps students make choices Encourages them to take responsibility for their work Demonstrates how students think Importance of Portfolios For Teachers Highlights performance-based activities over year Provides a framework for organizing student’s work Encourages collaboration with students, parents, and teachers Showcases an ongoing curriculum Facilitates student information for decision making Importance of Portfolios For Parents Offer insight into what their children do in school Facilitates communication between home and school Gives the parents an opportunity to react to what their child is doing in school and to their development Shows parents how to make a portfolio so they may do one at home at the same time Importance of Portfolios For Administrators Provides evidence that teacher/school goals are being met Shows growth of students and teachers Provides data from various sources What do portfolios contain? Three basic models: Showcase model, consisting of work samples chosen by the student. Descriptive model, consisting of representative work of the student, with no attempt at evaluation. Evaluative model, consisting of representative products that have been evaluated by criteria. Disadvantages of Portfolio Require more time for faculty to evaluate than test or simple-sample assessment. Require students to compile their own work, usually outside of class. Do not easily demonstrate lower-level thinking, such as recall of knowledge. May threaten students who limit their learning to cramming for doing it at the last minute. Rubric It is a scoring guide that seeks to evaluate a student’s performance based on the sum of a full range of criteria rather than a single numerical score. It is a working guide for students and teachers, usually handed out before the assignment begins in order to get students to think about the criteria on which their work will be judged. Rubrics are scoring criteria for Free-response Questions Scientific reports Oral or Power point presentations Reflections/Journals Essay Laboratory-based performance tests Article review or reactions Portfolios Many others Open-ended Question Concept Mapping It requires students to explore links between two or more related concepts. When making concept maps, they clarify in their minds the links they have made of the concepts and having visual representation of these links, they are better able to rearrange of form new links when new concepts are introduced. Laboratory Performance In this format students and teachers know the requirements in advance and prepare them. The teacher judges the student performance within a specific time frame and setting. Students are rated on appropriate and effective use of laboratory equipment, measuring tools, and safety laboratory procedures as well as a hands-on designing of an investigation. Inventories Diagnostic Inventories: Student responses to a series of questions or statements in any field, either verbally or in writing. These responses may indicate an ability or interest in a particular field. Interest Inventories: student responses to questions designed to find out past experience and or current interest in a topic, subject or activity. Classroom Assessment Presentation : a presentation by one student or by a group of students to demonstrate the skills used in the completion of an activity or the acquisition of curricular outcomes/expectations. The presentation can take the form of a skit, lecture, lab presentation, debate etc. Computers can also be used for presentation when using such software as Hyperstudio, Powerpoint or Corel presentations. Peer Evaluation : judgments by students about one another’s performance relative to stated criteria and program outcomes Journal Assessment This refer to student’s ongoing record of expressions experiences and reflections on a given topic. There are two types: one in which students write with minimal direction what he/she is thinking and or feeling and the other requires students to compete a specific written assignment and establishes restrictions and guidelines necessary to accurately accomplish the assignment. Journals can evolve different types of reflecting writing, drawing, painting, and role playing. REFLECTIVE JOURNAL What did I learn? How do I feel about it? What happened? SYNTHESIS JOURNAL How I can Use It? What I learned? What I Did? SPECULATION ABOUT EFFECTS JOURNAL What could happen because of this? What happened? V. CONCLUSION A fair assessment is one in which students are given equitable opportunities to demonstrate what they know and can do. Classroom assessment is not only for grading or ranking purposes. Its goal is to inform instruction by providing teachers with information to help them make good educational decisions. Assessment is integrated with student’s day-to-day learning experiences rather than a series of an end-of-course tests. Why link assessment with instruction? Better assessment means better teaching. Better teaching means better learning . Better learning means better students. Better students mean better opportunities for a better life. VI. RECCOMENDATION Specific assessment tools, listed below, are strongly recommended to faculty and department heads for their ability to provide useful information for accountability and, more importantly, to foster dialogue to improve student learning within courses. These three assessment tools are strongly recommended because they are concise and effective direct evaluations as opposed to indirect evaluations. Direct evaluations can be both formative (the gathering of information about student learning during the progression of a course or program, usually repeatedly, to improve the learning of those students) and summative (the gathering of information at the conclusion of the course, program or undergraduate career to improve learning or to meet accountability demands. ) 1. Rubrics:  These are the most flexible types of direct assessments and can be used to score any product or performance such as essays, portfolios, skill performances, oral exams, debates, project/product creation, oral presentations or a student’s body of work over the course of a semester. Since we are talking about assessing â€Å"official† course learning outcomes that are stated in course documents, all faculty teaching that course must agree on a detailed scoring system that delineates criteria used to discriminate among levels and is used for scoring a common assignment, product or performance or set of assignments, products or performances. Information can be obtained from the course document’s assignment and evaluation pages to help guide the creation of the rubric. Pros: †¢ Defines clear expectations. †¢ Can be used to score many kinds of assignments or exams †¢ Faculty define standards and criteria and how they will be applied Cons: †¢ Faculty must agree on how to define standards and criteria and how they will be applied 2. Common Final Exam or Common Capstone Project:  These direct assessment methods integrate knowledge, concepts and skills associated with an entire sequence of study in a course. Either use the same final exam for all sections offered in a course (commercially produced/standardized test or locally developed final exam) or require a culminating final project that is similar (using the same grading rubric to evaluate). Pros: †¢ Good method to measure growth over time with regard to a course †¢ Cumulative †¢ The data is more robust if all students complete the same assessment †¢ Provides an additional buffer between student learning performance and an individual instructor’s teaching performance Cons: Focus and breadth of assessment are important †¢ Understanding all of the variables to produce assessment results is also important †¢ May result in additional course requirements †¢ Requires coordination and agreement on standards 3. Embedded Test Questions:  Embed the same agreed upon questions that relate to the course’s student learning outcomes into the final exam for all sections of the course and analyze tho se results and/or embed the same agreed-upon requirements into the final project/assignment for all sections of the course and analyze those results. Pros: †¢ Good method to measure growth over time with regards to a course †¢ Cumulative †¢ The data is more robust if all students complete the same assessment †¢ Provides an additional buffer between student learning performance and an individual instructor’s teaching performance †¢ Embedded questions can be reported as an aggregate Cons: †¢ May result in additional course requirements †¢ Requires coordination and agreement on standards If some instructors embed and others do not, the data will be difficult to compare and analyze †¢ Separate analysis of embedded set of questions is required VII. REFERENCES https://www. google. com. ph/search? q=ASSESSMENT+TOOLS+PPT;rlz=2C1GTPM_enPH0537PH0537;aq=f;oq=assessment+tools+;aqs=chrome. 0. 59j57j61j60l2j0. 3437j0;sourceid=chrome;ie=UTF-8 http://www. slideshare. net/armovil/assessment-of-student-learning? from_search=2 Fulks, Janet, â€Å"Assessing Student Learning in Community Colleges†, Bakersfield College, 2004

Jaques Cousteau essays

Jaques Cousteau essays On June 11, 1910, Jacques Cousteau was born. His family live in a small town called Saint Andre de Cubzac in France. Although he was a sickly child, Jacques parents never could have imagined their son to be doing what he was doing for the world of science and deep-sea exploration in the future. Even at early childhood, Jacques dreamed of finding buried pirates treasure. Times were hard for the Cousteau family in France, though. In 1920, when Jacques was ten years old, the family packed their bags and started a new life in New York City, New York. Here, Jacques father got a new job. In New York, Jacques attended the Holy Name School. When he was off of school in the summer, though, Jacques and his family vacationed to Lake Harvey, Vermont, where Jacques first learned how to swim and hold his breath underwater. After two years in America, his family Jacques family decided to move back to France. When Jacques got back to France, one of the first things he did was buy a brand new movie camera he had been wanting with his savings. Even though he was very smart, Jacques started doing very badly in school. He also made a lot of trouble at school. Eventually, it became too much, and Jacques Cousteau was expelled from the school for throwing rocks at its windows. Jacques, though, always seemed to be able to learn from his mistakes. That same year, he was sent to military boarding school for his behavior. Here, Jacques did very well and excelled in all of his classes. In 1929, Jacques graduated from the boarding school, and in the next year, he joined the French navy. While in the navy, he took many journeys on boats around the world. On one of these trips, he met a young woman named Simone Melchior. Melchior was also a member of the French navy and stayed with Cousteau throughout many of their journeys. On July 12, 1937, the couple was married. Mr. And Mrs. Jacques Cousteau went o...

Creating Chinese Calligraphy

Creating Chinese Calligraphy Chinese calligraphy is the art of creating aesthetically pleasing writing or tangible representations of the Chinese languages. It can take years to learn the art because students have to master  writing Chinese characters, which is a daunting task in itself, and they have to write them beautifully and with an unforgiving tool: the brush. History The art of calligraphy in China can be traced to ancient Chinese signs and symbols that appeared as early as 6,000 years ago according to Wei Lu and Max Aiken in their essay, Origins and Evolution of Chinese Writing Systems and Preliminary Counting Relationships. However, its modern form didnt emerge until a few thousand years later, between the 14th and 11th centuries B.C. There are seven main categories of traditional Chinese calligraphy- which include Hhsin (pronounced xing), Sao (cao), Zuan (zhuan), Li, and Kai- each with its own slight variations in style and symbolism. As a result, the skill of writing beautiful calligraphy may be difficult for some learners to grasp, but fortunately, there are a variety of online resources for creating and editing Chinese calligraphy.   Although the earliest-known calligraphy-like symbols date to around 4000 B.C., the traditional style of calligraphy thats still practiced today first appeared in Xiaoshuangqiao between 1400 and 1100 B.C. in modern-day Zhengzhou, China. Standardization Around 220 B.C., during the reign of Qin Shi Huang in Imperial China, a standard Chinese calligraphy system was adopted. As the first conqueror of a majority of land in China, Huang created a series of reforms including a character unification that yielded 3,300 standardized characters known as  XiÇŽozhun (zhuan). From that point forward, writing in China went through a series of reforms that yielded a new set of standardized characters and lettering. Over the next two centuries, other styles developed: the  Là ¬shÃ… « (li) style was followed by the KÇŽishÃ… « (kai), which was in turn followed by the Xà ­ngshÃ… « (xing), and CÇŽoshÃ… « (cao) cursive styles. Today, each of these forms is still used in traditional Chinese calligraphy practices, depending on the teacher and his preferences for style and aesthetics. Online Resources If you live in China, its easy to find calligraphers who sell their work or who can create custom calligraphy just for you. There is an easier way, though: tools that convert pasted text into calligraphy using various fonts. Some of the best include: The  Chinese Calligraphy Editor, which allows you to enter or paste your Chinese characters (simplified or traditional) and choose between 19 different styles in four different groups. You can also adjust the size of the generated picture, the orientation (horizontal or vertical), and direction (left to right or right to left). When you click calligraphy, a picture is generated that you can save.The  Chinese Calligraphy,  Model of Chinese Calligraphy, and  Chinese Text to Images Converter, which offer different fonts, though these only accept simplified characters and offer fewer features and customization than the Chinese Calligraphy Editor.The  Free Chinese Calligraphy Fonts, which allows you to download fonts, many of which resemble handwriting, to use on your computer.

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Plan - Essay Example According to Wert (2009), â€Å"carnival’s generic strategy is best described as a blend of low-cost and differentiation.† This is like arguing that the company does not put all its eggs in one basket. Rather, it distributes the available generic strategies prudently to ensure that wider scopes of customer needs are met. By low cost strategy, the company masters in winning the hearts of as many clients with little economic standing as possible. For the high class who would prefer segregated forms of products and services, the company caters for this through the differentiation generic strategy. Scope of Generic Strategy Interestingly, the types of generic strategies identified earlier can be broken further down into whether they are implemented with a broad or narrow focus. Porter explains that the measure of either a broad or narrow focus constitutes the scope of the generic strategy. With reference to the generic strategies blended by Carnival Corporation (which are l ow cost and differentiation), the diagram below may give a representation of the different scopes available to Carnival Corporation. Source: Mind Tools (2012). ... It is not surprising that the current ratio, quick ratio and cash per share are all quoted as low with values of 0.215, 0.154 and 0 respectively (Covestor, 2012). The debt/equity, interest coverage ratio and book value per share are all quoted as average with values of 0.621, 1.17 and 0 respectively (Covestor, 2012). The second way by which the company implements cost leadership is by â€Å"increasing market share through charging lower prices, while still making a reasonable profit on each sale because you've reduced costs† Mind Tools, 2012). Differentiation involves making your products or services different from and more attractive those of your competitors. With reference to the product differentiation broad generic strategy, the company plays the game more to the implication of the name of strategy where by Carnival Corporation makes their products and services different from competitors in terms of the product quality, packaging appearance and attitude towards work. In t he bid to stand out tall in the industry, the company ensures that it trades not just product but quality service to its customers. This way, the company becomes the preferred destination for customers if the customers know they would even have to pay the same low price somewhere else for the same set of product delivery. Primary Competitors Indeed the Management Study Guide (2012) notes that one crutial area of competive analysis for any company is â€Å"identifying present as well as potential competitors. As far as the cruise ship operation industry is concerned, Carnival Corporation has a number of key competitors. These companies are described as key competitors because they trade in the same kind of business as

MOD (Ministry of Defence) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MOD (Ministry of Defence) - Essay Example Moreover, dedicated biometric solutions facilitate to provide smooth secret financial transactions as well as personal data privacy. It has been viewed in the case study that Biometric Identification Verification (BIV) System was the initial UK biometric access control system that was deployed and designed especially for the military users. This particular system was mainly designed in order to deliver a high availability as well as reliable security solution (Business Reporter, 2011). The perception of a role based authentication is typically regarded as a system in which the users possess certain major roles that are allotted to them. The roles can demonstrate the capabilities as well as the limits of making any significant change and access various areas in the technological process (Choukse & Singh, 2011). One of the leading edge approaches to role based authentication is that it is correlated with information security that significantly aids in lessening the complexities of secu rity administration. The other leading edge approach of role based authentication is that it determines the risk exposure from the employees who access efficient Information Technology (IT) system. However, the idea of role based authentication has been currently criticised due to certain problems that have risen in constructing an initial role arrangement as well as owing to its inflexibility in quickly transforming domains (Kuhn, Coyne, & Weil, 2010). Spring Security is regarded as one of the alternative solutions that can be applicable to the context of using biometric solutions. It is principally viewed to be a greatly customisable authentication and a strong access-control framework (Mularien, 2010). Moreover, another alternative that can be pertinent within the background of using biometric solutions is Apache Shiro. This particular alternative has been observed to be an easy as well as a powerful security framework that significantly deals with cryptography, authorisation, se ssion management and authorisation functions (The Apache Software Foundation, 2012). In relation to determine the distinction between the two aforementioned alternatives i.e. Apache Shiro and Spring Security to rule-based authentication mechanism, it has been observed that the aforesaid alternatives are quite easy to learn, manage as well as deploy as compared to role based authentication (The Apache Software Foundation, 2012). Question b Computer security is incessantly becoming a crucial concern for all. In this regard, biometric solutions are playing an imperative part in providing utmost security as well as authenticity by validating the individuality of a person through various media such as fingerprints, facial features and hand geometry among others. Similarly, in this connection, PALM biometrics also plays a decisive role in increasing security along with authenticity by a significant extent. It can be affirmed that this particular system i.e. PALM vein system of biometrics is viewed to be a modern progression in the systems of biometric security (Lee, 2012). PALM biometrics performs its operational functions quite differently as compared to other biometric systems. It generally takes the digitalised image of the veins of the users and evaluates it with the templates that have been stored in a particular

The effect of endurance exercise on hypertension Essay

The effect of endurance exercise on hypertension - Essay Example Ehrman â€Å" it is believed that exercise training may decrease BP by improving renal function in patients with essential hypertension † So even a modest reduction of BP by endurance or resistance training decreases cardiovascular risk by 5-9%, stroke 8-14% and all cause mortality by 4 % (Vivian H.Heyward) BP is determined by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance; moreover it is elevated as result of one of the determinate or both. Therefore, non-pharmacological treatment for HT patients, needs to include theprovision for losing weight if overweight, limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 ounce of ethanol per day, reduce sodium intake to less than 100 mmol per day, maintain adequate dietary potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake, stop smoking and reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake for an overall cardiovascular health. Reducing fat intake also helps reducing caloric intake it is also important to control weight and non-insulin depended diabetes (Williams and Wilkins). Mode, frequency; duration and intensity of exercise are generally the same only in healthy population. Increasing exercise i ntensity to above 70% VO2 doesn’t have additional impact on BP. In addition, absolute sudden death during any particular episode of heavy exercise is low. Peripheral vascular disease includes vascular insufficiencies such as arteriosclerosis, arterial stenosis, Raynaud phenomena and Burger’s dieses. It’s usually correlated with hyperlipidemia and hypertension in older patients. Peripheral vascular disease manifests ischemia pain during physical activity and is due to mismatch between muscle supplies and demands. In treatment weight bearing exercise and medication is included. According to Roy J. Shephard, observing middle age and older post coronary patient over three years of vigorous and progressive endurance exercise. He established a decrease of resting provision at normal

UCR vs NIBRS

UCR vs NIBRS Comparison of the Two Primary Crime Data Sources Used In the United States, the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) The two primary sources of crime data employed in the United States of America to routinely monitor the nature and degree of crime are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The data for these two sources is gathered, organized and analyzed by various federal US agencies such as the Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The data from these two sources is used by crime data analysts to determine the nature and intensity of various law breaches and to get information regarding the background, behavior and personality of the criminal offenders. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) consists of data collected by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from more than 17,000 local police departments throughout the USA. A much improved version of Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is known as the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The NIBRS holds an extremely large degree of information about vari ous crimes committed throughout the USA. The information contained within the NIBRS is organized in various complex ways. In the paragraphs to follow a detailed discussion will be carried, comparing and contrasting various important features of the UCR and the NIBRS. Contrasting Features of UCR and NIBRS Number of offenses tracked The number of offenses tracked is one of the most important points of differentiation between UCR and NIBRS. Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) records crime reported and arrests made for the 8 Part I offenses and reports arrest counts for Part II offenses while in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Part I and Part II crime categorization was replaced by Group A and Group B offenses (Samaha, 2005). Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The data collected from local police departments across the USA is used to compile Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). At the UCR this data is then categorized into two groups, Part I offense and Part II offense (Lynch Addington, 2006). The first group, Part I offense includes list of 8 index offenses including: Murder Rape Robbery (personal and commercial) Aggravated assault Burglary (household and commercial) Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson It is the responsibility of police department across the USA to record every reported occurrence of such crimes and then pass on the data to the FBI. At UCR the criminal data belonging to Part I offenses is further broken down in terms of the city, county, metropolitan area and the geographical division in which the incident occurred. All the other types of crimes which are of less serious nature and for which local police departments have little to no information are included in the list of Part II offenses. In totality UCR lists 21 crimes in the list of Part II offenses. Vandalism, drug trafficking, liquor law violation, fraud, embezzlement, gambling, suspicion, disorderly conduct, carrying and possessing weapons and other such crimes of non-violent nature and included among the list of Part II offenses. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): The most important point of difference between UCR and NIBRS is that in the NIBRS the classification of crimes in the form of Part I and Part II offenses is discarded in the favor of Group A and Group B classification of offenses. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) contains information on 46 Group A offenses that represent 22 index crime categories rather than only focusing on eight index offenses as in the case of UCR. The 22 Group A index crime offenses are listed below: Homicide (negligent manslaughter, murder/non-negligent manslaughter, justifiable homicide-It is not categorized as a crime) Forcible sex offenses Robbery Assault (Aggravated assault, simple assault and intimidation) Burglary (breaking and entering) Larceny (Theft offenses) Motor vehicle theft Arson Bribery Non-forcible sex offenses Counterfeiting/forgery offenses Destruction/damage/vandalism of victims property Drug/narcotic offenses Pornography/obscene material Prostitution Embezzlement Extortion/blackmail Fraud Gambling offenses Kidnapping/abduction Stolen property offenses Weapon law violations The Group B consists of 11 criminal offenses. This group covers all kinds and types of crimes not contained in the Group A offenses. Curfew/loitering/vagrancy Disorderly conduct Bad checks Drunkenness Driving under the influence Liquor law violations Trespassing Peeping Tom Nonviolent family offenses Runaways All other offenses Summary based versus Incident based reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system is also known as the traditional system of reporting or the summary based reporting system. This system is based on tallying the total number of incidences for Part I offenses as well as summing together the total number of criminals arrested for committing both Part I and Part II offenses. In other words, UCR data consist of total crime counts or summary data of the crimes reported from police departments across the country. In the UCR summary data group is the unit of analysis; crime reports are only available for cities or counties and these may be summed up to determine aggregate level of crime across states and regions in the USA. This cumulative data is then submitted in the form of monthly summary reports to the FBI. It is for this reason UCR is also known as the summary reporting system (Department of Justice-FBI, 2004). The fundamental drawback of the summary based reporting system is that no distinct description is available for defining the nature of offense, the offenders and the victims. This flaw in UCR system is exposed whenever criminal analysis is done at the basic level focusing on individual crimes, offenders and victim as it is possible to sum up individual units of analysis to a higher level, but it is not possible to disaggregate large grouped data to the individual level. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the UCR, National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is a very effective crime reporting system that collects data on each single criminal offense and arrest (Siegel Senna, 2007). This new system requires law enforcement agencies to submit at least a brief account of each criminal offense and the resulting arrests (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2009). For each offense known to the local law enforcement authorities, information within the categories of incident, property, victim, offender and arrestee is gathered. In totality information for 53 data elements within a total of 22 crime categories is gathered (Cole, Smith, DeJong, 2012). The reports thus developed are highly detailed and meaningful and can prove to be highly beneficial for the local crime agencies. Armed with all-inclusive crime data these agencies can make a strong case against offensive criminals and serial law offenders. Revised Crime Definitions in the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) NIBRS revised some of the existing crime definitions found in the summary based reporting system (Hagan, 2003). For instance in the traditional UCR system, Manslaughter by Negligence was defined as The killing of another person through gross negligence whereas in the NIBRS the definition was altered to exclude the word gross, Manslaughter by Negligence is now defined as The killing of another person through negligence. Another point differentiating between UCR and NIBRS in this category is that in the UCR system Manslaughter by Negligence includes all kinds of traffic fatalities whereas in the NIBRS the definition was modified so that the sub-category of Homicide, Negligent Manslaughter now counts all traffic fatalities as negligent manslaughter except only the accidental traffic deaths (Vito Maahs, 2011). Within the Assault offense category the UCR does not provides a definition for the subcategory of intimidation. It is simply stated as an example of simple, not aggravated Part II offense. As compared to the summary reporting system the NIBRS provides a proper definition for intimidation. Hierarchy rule versus Individual offense reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The hierarchy rule employed by the traditional crime reporting system, Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) for classification of crimes resulted in a number of measurement errors. Under the domains of the hierarchy law if a criminal commits more than one offense in a single incident than only the most serious offense will be listed as the cause of the incident (Wilson, 2009). The example below taken from the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook effectively explains how the hierarchy rule operates (Maxfield Babbie, 2010). A thief broke into a home, stole several items, put them in the car which belonged to the owner of the property. Just when the burglar was about to leave the owner returned and took the thief by surprise who knocked the owner unconscious by hitting him in the head with a chair. The burglar then drove away in the owners car. Here the burglar committed a number of crimes the classification of these crimes according to the Hierarchy rule will be do ne as follows: Nature of crime Classification according to Part I and Part II offense system Burglary-Forced entry 5a Larceny-Theft 6 Motor Vehicle Theft 7a Aggravated Assault 4d Robbery-Other dangerous weapon 3c After classification of the burglars offenses only one offense, falling into the category of Robbery-Other dangerous weapon (3c) was described in the UCR. This offense was listed as Robbery since it is the most serious crime among the list of list of offenses committed by the burglar. The lesser offenses were not accounted in that years UCR totals. Thus, the validity and integrity of UCR is highly compromised for not counting all crimes committed in an incident (Regoli, Hewitt, DeLisi, 2011). National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): The hierarchy rule does not exist under the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Under the NIBRS local law enforcement agencies are required to submit detailed information about all offenses committed in a single incident (Paynich Hill, 2011). According to the handbook of NIBRS an incident is defined as one or more offenses committed by the same offender or group of offenders acting in concert, at the same time and place (Department of Justice -FBI, 2000). In each criminal occurrence NIBRS collects information on up to 10 offenses. This includes detailed information about the victim, the offender, any witnesses and the nature and type of the offense. The NIBRS also provides information about the circumstances under which the criminal offense took place and the known characteristics of the victim and the offender such as their age, sex, race and the relationship between them (Broder Tucker, 2011). If the example cited above, listed as Robbery under the UCR system, was reported under the NIBRS all the information concerning the nature of incident such as forced entry of the burglar, his act of stealing which includes stealing from home as well as vehicle theft, the injuries he caused upon the owner of the house and the date, time and location of the incident would have been reported (Walsh Hemmens, 2010). NIBRS is of great assistance to criminal analysts by providing complete information about a particular incident. Method of classifying crimes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) sorts crimes into two broad categories; crimes against persons which includes offenses such as murder, assault, robbery, domestic violence and aggravated assault. The second category, crimes against property includes offenses such as burglary, robbery, larceny-theft, vandalism, arson, auto theft, forgery and fraud. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): Like the summary reporting system, NIBRS distinguishes between crimes against persons and crimes against property, but unlike the UCR, NIBRS has included a third category of crime; the crimes against society. This new category was created to prohibit the people from engaging in morally degenerating activities. This category covers offenses such as gambling, drug violations, pornography/obscene material, prostitution and other such vice crimes (Rantala Edwards, 2000). These crimes are recorded as one offense per distinct operation. These crimes are also known as victimless crimes because these crimes are usually not committed against a person hence they cannot be listed in the category of crimes against persons. These crimes also cannot be labeled as a property crime since property is not the objective behind this category of crimes. Attempted versus completed crimes Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): No mechanism existed in the UCR system for distinguishing between crimes that were completed and crimes that were left in the middle or in other words, were left incomplete. This led to serious confusions as many attempted or incomplete crimes were reported in the manner as if they were complete. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to UCR, National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) makes a clear distinction between the attempted and completed crimes. In the NIBRS each criminal offense is labeled as either an A which stands for Attempted Crime or C which means a Completed Crime. Means for data correlation Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): Many criminal investigations require data analysts to draw various correlations between the gathered information. The major flaw of Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) is that it seriously lacks mechanisms for developing effective correlations among data on offenses, arrests and victims. The summary reporting system only enables data correlation in case of a homicide incident. In a homicide incident the UCR can correlate the age, race and sex of the criminal offender to the age, race and sex of the victim. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, the NIBRS uses both explicit and implied linkages for calculating the degree of correlation between different types of data values. The explicit linkages are used to connect together data elements such as offenders, offenses, victims, property, arrestees to the criminal incidents (Department of Justice -FBI, 2004). The implicit linkage, on the other hand is used to draw linkage between all the offenders and victims in any criminal offense, since each criminal offender in any criminal incident indirectly or directly participates in the commission of offense against the victims. The availability of incident specific information from National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) means that law enforcement agencies can not only draw complicated relationships between victims and offenders but also can determine correlation between these relationships and the offense information; a funct ionality lacked by the summary based reporting system. Collection of Weapon Information Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) only collects weapon information for criminal offenses such as murder, robbery and aggravated assault. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, the NIBRS records weapon information for all violent criminal offenses (Cohen Wright, 2011). Establishing Victim-to-Offender Relationship Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): In the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the relationship of the victim to the offender (for example, the victim was the wife, husband, father, brother, son, employee or employer of the offender) is reported only in homicide events. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): As compared to the summary based reporting system, in NIBRS the victims relationship to the offender is reported for all crimes falling under the category of Crimes against Person i.e., murder offense, assault offense, kidnapping/abduction offense, robbery offense, domestic violence and aggravated assault offense. The relationship between victims to offenders is also reported in case of a robbery since one main element of the robbery offense is an assault which renders it be a violent crime (Department of Justice -FBI, 2000). Circumstance Reporting Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): In the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the circumstance data is collected only in case of a homicide offense. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): In the modified crime reporting system, NIBRS, the circumstance data is collected only for homicides as well as aggravated assaults. Hotel Rule Uniform Crime Reports (UCR): According to the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) system the hotel rule states that whenever multiple units of a facility for e.g., a hotel are burglarized and the manager reports the incident to the police rather than individual occupants the police will count the multiple burglary incident as a single offense (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2012). National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): In the NIBRS the hotel rule was modified and extended to mini-warehouses and self-storage warehouses. Advantages and disadvantages of UCR and NIBRS There are several advantages as well as disadvantages of both UCR and NIBRS. Some of them are compared as below. Advantages UCR NIBRS Extensive data coverage across various geographical areas. Separately reports each offense that occurs in a criminal incident. Special focus on crimes committed against law enforcement professionals. Four times more inclusive crime categories as compared to UCR. Standardized crime definitions. Contains victimization information. Disadvantages UCR NIBRS Hierarchy rule; reports only the most serious crime or event. Implementation of NIBRS across local police departments has been quite slow. Aggregates different offenses into same crime category. Participation in NIBRS requires increased data entry requirements. Measurement and reporting bias. NIBRS does not utilize data that constitute a representative sample of the population, states or law enforcement agencies. Implications of UCR and NIBRS The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) system has collected, categorized and presented crime figures for the greatest part of the twentieth century. The UCR system greatly assisted law enforcement organizations in compiling a huge database comprising of reliable crime statistics. In the twenty first century UCR program went through major revisions, it is now being replaced by a more comprehensive and detailed crime reporting system called National Incident-Based Reporting System. The implications of such an effective and efficiently developed crime reporting system are many, it is expected that the NIBRS system will prove to be a frontline weapon for law enforcement agencies across the country. Conclusion In the USA the two main sources for accessing criminal data are the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). The UCR was the old and outdated system for keeping criminal records which was replaced by the revised and updated NIBRS in 1989. There are a number of differences between the UCR and the NIBRS yet the most important difference is that UCR is basically a summary based reporting system while NIBRS reports criminal offenses at the incident level. The UCR collects data in a summary format also known as the aggregate or sum total methodology. The summary format for data collection meant that individual characteristics and circumstances of every criminal offense were lost. This problem was solved with the introduction of NIBRS system. The NIBRS not only collects aggregate data but also provides an effective methodology for maintaining the significance of each discrete unit of information. The computerized databases used by NIBRS greatl y assist criminal analysts and researchers in making specific crime related queries.

Computer Crime :: essays research papers fc

Computer Crime: Prevention and Innovation Since the introduction of computers to our society, and in the early 80 ¡Ã‚ ¦s the Internet, the world has never been the same. Suddenly our physical world got smaller and the electronic world set its foundations for an endless electronic reality. As we approach the year 2000, the turn of the millenium, humanity has already well established itself into the  ¡Ã‚ §Information Age. ¡Ã‚ ¨ So much in fact that as a nation we find our selves out of a service economy and into an information based economy. In a matter of only a few years almost all systems are run buy computers in some way, shape, or form. We depend on them for everything. Even the smallest malfunction or glitch in a system could now cause unfathomable amounts of trouble in everything from riding the bus, having access to your money, to getting your prescription at the pharmacists. Furthermore, Icove suggested that with the price of home computers that work faster and store more memory going down every year due to comp etition in the market, it is estimated that by the year 2011 most every American home will have a PC with instant access to the Internet. With an increase in users everyday and new businesses taking advantage of perks of an alternate electronic world, this information dimension will only get bigger, more elaborate, provide more services, and we will find society as a whole more and more dependent on it. However, even in an artificial environment such as the cyberspace, it appears mankind cannot escape from its somewhat overwhelming natural attraction to wrongful behavior or criminal tendencies. In turn this alternative dimension has been infected with the same criminal behavior that plagues our physical reality. The information age has opened the doors to anti social, smart, and opportunistic people to find new and innovative ways to commit old crimes. These people are called hackers. What is the social Problem? Computer crime is the official name given to this criminal phenomenon driven by hackers. Although a solid definition of computer crime has yet to be agreed upon by scholars, it is described in a functional manner encompassing old crimes such as forgery, theft, mischief, fraud, manipulation or altering of documents; all of which are usually subject to criminal sanctions everywhere. Also included in the description or computer crime is the unauthorized invasion or trespass of data base systems of private companies or government agencies.